This article discusses how US military payment certificates (MPC) escaped from US military bases during the Korean War to become common currency in local economies. The MPC program was intended to control the mixing of US currency in local economies, yet the worldwide use of MPC on all overseas US bases between 1946 and 1973 facilitated black market circulation of military notes globally by allowing trading differentials among dollars, MPC, and local currencies. As soldiers, goods, and money moved through the US base network across Korea and Japan during the war, MPC were commonly used as a medium of exchange for sexual transactions between US soldiers and local women in both countries. The cross-border sexual markets were central to the everyday economies of Korea and Japan, of which black markets trading US Army supplies and currencies were major components. An analysis of this off-base monetization process of MPC offers a new perspective on the global history of war and occupation by highlighting how the sexual economy of illicit and informal transactions has been integral to US military expansion abroad since the end of World War II.

Youth from immigrant families often translate or interpret materials for their parents who lack proficiency in the dominant language of the mainstream society. However, evidence remains mixed regarding whether such a language brokering role is promotive or disruptive for youth’s well-being. This meta-analysis synthesized 65 studies (1,242 effect sizes, 17,791 individuals; grand Mage = 16.68, SDage = 4.78) to examine whether, how, and when brokering frequency and feelings were related to well-being. Language brokering frequency was inversely associated with youth’s positive family relationships (r = −.10) and socioemotional outcomes (r = −.10) and positively related to youth’s acculturation stress (r = .06). However, positive or negative language brokering feelings were stronger predictors of youth’ well-being or maladjustment (|r| = .10–.29). The associations between language brokering frequency and youth’s adjustment also varied across subgroups, with the effects of frequent language brokering being more detrimental for European immigrant-origin (vs. Latinx), female (vs. male), and foreign-born (vs. native-born) youth. These findings underscore the need for a nuanced understanding of the impacts of youth language brokering. Finally, practical and policy implications are discussed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).