Science Briefs by the Scientific Advisory Board are produced regularly, with priorities set by the Board Members based on the advice of the Secretary-General. Each brief is developed through extensive consultations, initially with the Board Members and the scientific network institutions supporting the Board, and further informed by contributions from a wide range of scientific experts worldwide. Several of the briefs have benefited from evidence syntheses as part of a pilot project with global evidence synthesis units based in Brazil, Colombia, and Uganda.

Earth System Tipping Points

Earth System Tipping Points are critical limits in the Earth’s climate and planetary systems where small additional changes can trigger large-scale, self-reinforcing, and potentially irreversible shifts. From melting ice sheets and coral reef collapse to changes in ocean circulation and the Amazon rainforest, growing scientific evidence suggests that several Earth systems may be approaching Tipping Points.

AI Deception

AI deception occurs when an AI system misleads people or other agents about what it knows, intends, or can do. Unlike ordinary mistakes or hallucinations, deception involves behavior that intentionally shapes others’ beliefs in misleading ways. Evidence of such behavior has already appeared in widely used AI systems, and the risk is expected to grow as AI becomes more capable, autonomous, and embedded in everyday decision-making.

Mirror Life

Many biological molecules come in two mirror-image forms, like left and right hands, but life on Earth predominantly uses one. Mirror biology builds DNA, RNA, and proteins in the opposite form, with potential uses in medicines and more stable biomaterials. The main risk is mirror life: a self-replicating mirror organism that could evade natural defenses. International guardrails should be in place well before mirror life becomes possible.

Small Modular Nuclear Reactors

As the world seeks reliable low-carbon energy sources, small modular nuclear reactors have re-emerged as a promising yet debated solution. Their compact, factory-built design and passive safety systems mark a shift from the era of massive nuclear plants toward more flexible, distributed energy generation. Questions of safety, cost, waste, and equity will determine whether this technology becomes a bridge to a cleaner energy future or another complex challenge in the global transition.

Carbon Dioxide Removal Technologies

Over-relying on carbon dioxide removal could create a false sense of security about future technological solutions. Scaled responsibly, however, trusted and verifiable CDR systems could help stabilize atmospheric CO₂ levels, complement decarbonization, and support global efforts to meet the Paris Agreement goals.

Verification of Frontier AI

There is a real risk that frontier AI developments could become a source of heightened tension and lead to an “AI arms race.” Trusted, visible, and confidential ways to verify claims about frontier AI could help mitigate geopolitical escalation and share AI’s benefits.

The Biology of Aging

As populations live longer but not always healthier, understanding the biology of aging is essential to extend healthspan, reduce age-related disease burdens, and prepare for the profound social and economic impacts of global aging

Quantum Computing

Quantum computing has far-reaching implications, offering transformative potential in areas like climate modeling, health, and secure communications; critical for achieving the Sustainable Development Goals. However, the technology is advancing rapidly, with heavy investment concentrated in a few countries, raising concerns about a growing “quantum divide.”

Solar Radiation Modification

Technologies for altering the reflective capacities of the Earth’s surface and atmosphere could relatively quickly reduce temperature increase and cool the planet. However, they could also generate a wide range of unintended consequences.

Deep-Sea Mining

Deep-sea mining could have wide-ranging, long-lasting, irreversible effects on marine ecosystems, with global impacts. If demand for critical minerals grows, pressures for large-scale DSM are likely to increase.

Synthetic Biology

Advances in synthetic biology are rapidly transforming a range of sectors, with increasingly global implications in the fields of health, security, environment, and human rights.

Neurotechnology

Neurotechnology advances, particularly in the field of brain-computer interfaces, are poised to become a far more routine part of our lives, moving well beyond medical treatment. The widespread use of these technologies raises ethical, human rights, and security concerns.