We describe semiparametric estimation and inference for causal effects using observational data from a single social network. Our asymptotic results are the first to allow for dependence of each observation on a growing number of other units as sample size increases. In addition, while previous methods have implicitly permitted only one of two possible sources of dependence among social network observations, we allow for both dependence due to transmission of information across network ties and for dependence due to latent similarities among nodes sharing ties. We propose new causal effects that are specifically of interest in social network settings, such as interventions on network ties and network structure. We use our methods to reanalyze an influential and controversial study that estimated causal peer effects of obesity using social network data from the Framingham Heart Study; after accounting for network structure we find no evidence for causal peer effects. Supplementary materials for this article are available online.

Cultural heritage law and processes, it is widely known, authorize certain forms of identity that are more often than not aligned with a national project (Lowenthal, 1998). What happens, however, when the national project turns away from being one of harmony and continuity with the past (as is still the case in many countries, most notably China, as Bideau and Bugnon show in this collection), and becomes about a break with—or at least renegotiation of—the past? What happens when, in the same breath, heritage becomes part of a project that is not just about recognition but also contains within it at least some elements of redistribution? Can we stretch the limits of the authorizing forces around heritage (Smith, 2006) so that they operate in a register that can deliver on decolonial possibilities and promises? A recent example in Brazil speaks to these questions and suggests that there is potential, albeit limited, for decoloniality through heritage.