My project examines the relationship between health environments -- the totality of material health conditions and healing ideas and practices -- and state-led agricultural development in colonial Punjab. The location of my study is Lyallpur, a well-documented district in western Punjab and site of dramatic agricultural development in the form of canal colony construction during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Specifically, I plan to investigate how local peasants' political struggles over land, water and subsistence resources affected forms of social organization to shape material health conditions and popular healing ideas and practices during the period from 1868-1947. In particular, I am interested in exploring how gendered differences in health conditions, as well as the commodification and individualization of healing ideas and practices, arose from forms of social organization th.at peasants created in order to maximize their entitlements to subsistence resources within the framework for agricultural development set by imperial elites and the colonial state.